What Is the Bystander Effect

What Is the Bystander Effect Theories Social Psychology Print How Psychology Explains the Bystander Effect By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on February 24, 2020 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on February 24, 2020 Rob Daly/Getty Images   More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology If you witnessed an emergency happening right before your eyes, you would certainly take some sort of action to help the person in trouble, right? While we might all like to believe that this is true, psychologists suggest that whether or not you intervene might depend upon the number of other witnesses present. What Is the Bystander Effect? The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress. When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses. Being part of a large crowd makes it so no single person has to take responsibility for an action (or inaction). In a series of classic studies, researchers Bibb Latane and John Darley found that the amount of time it takes the participant to take action and seek help varies depending on how many other observers are in the room. In one experiment, subjects were placed in one of three treatment conditions: alone in a room, with two other participants or with two confederates who pretended to be normal participants. As the participants sat filling out questionnaires, smoke began to fill the room. When participants were alone, 75% reported the smoke to the experimenters. In contrast, just 38% of participants in a room with two other people reported the smoke. In the final group, the two confederates in the experiment noted the smoke and then ignored it, which resulted in only 10% of the participants reporting the smoke. Additional experiments by Latane and Rodin (1969) found that while 70 percent would help a woman in distress when they were the only witness, only about 40 percent offered assistance when other people were also present. An Example The most frequently cited example of the bystander effect in introductory psychology textbooks is the brutal murder of a young woman named Catherine Kitty ?Genovese. On Friday, March 13, 1964, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed by a man later identified as Winston Moseley. Despite Genovese’s repeated calls for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called the  police to report the incident. The attack first began at 3:20 AM, but it was not until 3:50 AM that someone first contacted police. Initially reported in a 1964 New York Times article, the story sensationalized the case and reported a number of factual inaccuracies. An article in the September 2007 issue of American Psychologist concluded that the story is largely misrepresented mostly due to the inaccuracies repeatedly published in newspaper articles and psychology textbooks. While Genoveses case has been subject to numerous misrepresentations and inaccuracies, there have been numerous other cases reported in recent years. The bystander effect can clearly have a powerful impact on social behavior, but why exactly does it happen? Why dont we help when we are part of a crowd? Explanations There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present. The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate. Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to intervene if the situation is ambiguous. In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a lovers quarrel, and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered. Characteristics of the situation can play a role. During a crisis, things are often chaotic and the situation is not always crystal clear. Onlookers might wonder exactly what is happening. During such chaotic moments, people often look to others in the group to determine what is appropriate. When people look at the crowd and see that no one else is reacting, it sends a signal that perhaps no action is needed. Can You Prevent the Bystander Effect? So what can you do to overcome the bystander effect and avoid falling into this trap of inaction? Some psychologists suggest that simply being aware of this tendency is perhaps the greatest way to break the cycle. When faced with a situation that requires action, understanding how the bystander effect might be holding you back and consciously taking steps to overcome it can help. However, this does not mean you should place yourself in danger. But what if you are the person in need of assistance? How can you inspire people to lend a hand? One often-recommended tactic is to single out one person from the crowd. Make eye contact and ask that individual specifically for help. By personalizing and individualizing your request, it becomes much harder for people to turn you down.

Essay about Motorcycle Gangs - 2048 Words

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Academic Skills For Health Science - 1272 Words

University of Western Sydney – The College Academic Skills for Health Science Research project – part A (a literature review) Student: MINH NHUT TRIEU Student ID: 18758072 Date submitted: 16/04/16 Word counts: 1012 Nowadays, College students have been recognized at risk for the development of anxiety. According to nursing (2006), ‘anxiety is natural reactions to threatening situations. Your body has a fight or flight reaction—your heart races, you breathe faster, you sweat, and your stomach and head may ache’. Therefore, UWS College has provided students with many useful services such as counselling service, disability service, international student service, workshops and programs. Inam, Saqib and Alam (2003) believed that students experience anxiety and depression because of many reasons. Firstly, this is because the high volume of techniques to be absorbed and the requirement of academic performance. For example, the negative impacts of stress on medical students contain the weakness of functioning in laboratory performance and clinical exercise, stress-induced disorders and reducing performance. To solve this problem, learners should seek the advice of school counsellors. A research indicated that students who have been panic from the examination failure can manage pressure by improving their feelings of self-control. They can enhance those skills by having appropriate learning strategies, suitable self-instructions as well as relaxation time. In thisShow MoreRelatedmission vision Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pageshave been a nurse in the acute care setting for over 9 years and due to the changes in health care I have decided to pursue my professional goal in the part of a Family nurse practitioner; which will allow me provide advance nursing care. 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The Biggest Myth About Persuasive Essay Topics for High School Exposed

The Biggest Myth About Persuasive Essay Topics for High School Exposed Finding the Best Persuasive Essay Topics for High School Getting admission into your treasured high school may be the desire of your heart. Year round school isn't a good idea. The sample high school admission essays we've got on our page can be useful to you or your buddies. Imagine your school does not own a school newspaper. Many students take plenty of time contemplating on the proper topic they'd pick for their essay writing. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering a notion that might be a huge deal to somebody else. In an issue of speaking, picking out persuasive essay topics is similar to telling yourself what you need to convey to the rest of the planet. In spite of the fact there are many high school essay topics one would choose, it might take her or him a very long time due to uncertainty. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report o n Persuasive Essay Topics for High School Schools should eliminate class projects since they are useless. Every American should learn how to speak English. Students need more practical subjects to learn the way to use various things. High school students have to compose essays on a number of topics which at first may appear to have nothing in common. Things You Should Know About Persuasive Essay Topics for High School Think of one thing you're expected to learn in school that you don't think ought to be included in the curriculum. School tests aren't effective. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. After graduating, some students start to search for a job rather than going into the university. You just need to earn a collection of the proper topic you would desire. It isn't too tough to grasp a superior theme as you imagine it. You have to have an objective to make it simpler to select your topic. Since you may see, locating a suitable topic is not quite as simple as it might appear. You may write pretty much any topic you desire. Selecting a topic is a critical issue that partly estimates final success of the job. The name of a persuasive essay states it all, you must persuade the readers your opinion is appropriate. Thanks to the correct option of presentation style and a thorough understanding of the goals you wish to attain in your essay, there are many categories essay themes may be broken into. Persuasive essays are a really good approach to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. A persuasive essay is a powerful tool when you want to supply a new vision of a specific topic for the reader. Some schools in the USA are requiring that students volunteer for a number of hours each semester to aid on a community issue. Think of one school rule that you truly disl ike. On our site you will discover a lot more useful one of a kind information that will certainly be helpful for junior and higher school kids from, like common home task essay about Hamlet, in addition to, for instance, application essays for college for future students. Generally, students find it complicated to select a suitable topic. The One Thing to Do for Persuasive Essay Topics for High School All essays will have a certain topic that's either one you choose or one which is provided for you. First and foremost it's vital to make sure you comprehend the essay question fully and your essay answers each part of the question adequately. There are many intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to think about doing it. The 2nd necessary issue is a comprehensive guide on the best way to compose a persuasive essay, and we're prepared to assist you with the latter. Good persuasive essay topics need to be persuasive. If you're thinking about how to compose a persuasive essay, you have to know that writing an essay is a complicated process. Persuasive essay isn't a place to be insecure. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. The Key to Successful Persuasive Essay Topics for High School The same as an argumentative essay, a persuasive paper demands an adequate degree of expertise and knowledge of a particular field. As a way to express your thoughts properly, you will need to believe logically using full information given in the area. Ultimately, if you are supposed to write and essay but have very little knowledge or interest in the topic, don't forget there are lots of custom essay writers which will gladly do the task for you. If anything else fails, you can rely on professional persuasive essay writing services readily available online. The New Angle On Persuasive Essay Topics for High School Just Released Persuasive wr iting is composing a report or an essay that includes the objective opinion of an individual specifically the author. A persuasive essay provides an effective tool to assist all high-school students learn how to support their statements. The thesis statement is the center of the essay so you ought to pay some excess attention to it. Explain the objective of the paper and the way you intend to deal with the topic. Even in the event that you know the topic well, you might still must find some excess info to cover it completely. How To Choose Your Topics If you're tasked to create your very own persuasive writing topics and you will need to write about it, then it can be very difficult particularly if you aren't inclined to writing. Most Common Persuasive Writing Topics There are lots of different persuasive writing topics which were composed before.

Globalization and Domestic Policy Change †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Globalization and Domestic Policy Change. Answer: Introduction: Financial institution all over the world is dependent on the international financial industry as it determines strategic management decisions of the organizations. Globalization has made competition even tough in the industry, the key aim is survival and success of many financial institutions is to implement strategic partnership, which makes them more competitive and offer diverse services to their clients and consumers. It can also be observed that the immediate effects of deregulation lead to geographic diversification and changes in policies, which further results in the implementation of interstate banking restrictions and gradual reduction of intrastate. Technology and innovation play an important role in the finance industry, organisations adapt to these in order to conform to the demand of the global customers (Coleman, 2016). Some of the organisations that internationally operate in an authoritative position are: The World Bank, International Monetary Fund, European central bank, World Economic Forum etc. The assignment focuses on the strategic management and its implementation on financial industries. The essay also highlights the key features of financial industry comprised of market size, industry growth rate, competitiveness and market structure. It also analyses the external factors using Porter five forces and PESTEL analysis, focusing on its high impact on the strategic management strategy of the financial industry. In fact, this essay also deals with a real-life example of many financial companies to focus the way the external forces impact on their innovativeness and implementation of resources and capabilities. Key features of the financial industry: As per Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), financial services make up 20-30% of total service market revenue and about 20% of the total Gross Domestic Product(GDP) in developed economies like Denmark, Germany and Singapore. According to Al-Mulaliand Ozturk (2015), the most important three financial services like retail banking, life insurance and property and casual insurance generate annual revenue of approximately $6.6 trillion and have tended to grow at 6% compound annual rate over the preceding decade. International Monetary Fund (IMF) stated that the total global economy is worth $77.6 trillion in recent years. Therefore, if the financial services from banking and insurance sector are kept up to 6% growth rate for the years from 2014 to 2015, then its 2016 figure would be $13.1 trillion(Baptistaand Oliveira, 2015).On the other hand, particularly global banking industry has experienced a healthy growth rate in recent years, generating the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.7% between 2016 and 2017 for reaching a value of $134.1 trillion, as per the data from MarkerLine Research Firm. This industry has global significance because global financial markets have undergone major structural changes in recent years. Due to accelerating integration and globalization, there is a prevalence of certain changes in world financial markets. Apart from this, global financial markets also recently experienced increased securitization.According to Borio (2014), these developments are also spurred due to effective mergers and acquisitions worldwide. Broadening and expansion of derivative markets are also one of a factor that makes this industry global. For examples, banks in all over Europe are merging and forming alliances on an unparalleled scale and thereby changing the banking environment and creating global networks. Competitors in banking sectors: International banks continue to grow their assets as the world economy expands. In fact, there is debate whether China's economy is bigger than the United States regarding banking industries. Banks Assets Industrial and Commercial Bank of China $3.62 trillion HSBC $2.57 trillion Table 1: Competitors in banking sectors It has been found that Industrial and Commercial Bank of China is the largest bank in the world, which has $3.62 trillion assets and $134.8 billion revenue. On the other hand, HSBC, its competitor has 1800 locations in the UK and has $2.57 trillion assets(Coleman, 2016). Competitors in Life insurance sectors: Some important competitors among global insurance companies are AXA, Zurich Insurance Group and Berkshire Hathaway. In recent years, AXA increased its foothold in Latin America and acquired 51% of insurance operations in Colombia. On the other hand, Zurich Insurance Group operates more than 170 countries in Switzerland. Its core businesses are general insurance, global life and farmers insurance. Apart from that, Berkshire Hathaway is an investment manager conglomerate which is engaged in insurance, rail transportation, finance, and retailing through its subsidiaries(Martinset al.2014). Introduction:Financial industry which is comprised of banking and insurance sectors deliberately offers effective services like financial leasing, payment services, venture or risk capital guarantees and commitments. As a result, the market size of financial industry comprises about 16.9% of global economy, as measured in GDP(Philippon, 2015). Growth: According to International Monetary Fund (IMF), total financial service makes up about 60 to 65% of total global revenue. In fact, it has found that the financial service in developed economies also raised up to 6% growth rate in recent years. As per the above figure, there is an effective comparison of a global market share of revenue of largest global investment banks in 2017. According to that, the revenue of JP Morgan is of 8.1% of the global investment banking revenue (Coleman, 2016). A financial industry like banking sectors is more like having oligopolistic market structure. It is because it is an industry, which is controlled several small firms all over the world. Some banking firms like a bank of America, JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, Wells Frago and PNC boasted nearly 40% of their deposits, which leads to the development of financial industry altogether(Philippon, 2015). PESTLE analysis: These are the rules, framework and guidelines that are associated with the governments, financial institutions and authoritative bodies. Based on geographical locations of the organisations the management of the companies is bound by the rules and regulations which govern the company (Valdezand Molyneux, 2015). Some of the aspects which impact the organisations in this industry are: international legislations, labour regulations, trade rules and regulations in the country of operation, international relation, political stability and favorability of the government. Based on the region on operations the organisation has to follow the rules set out by authoritative organisations like the ones mentioned above (Valdezand Molyneux, 2015). For example, SAP Financial Services Forum looks into the opportunities and benefits of digitalization and explores the implementation of disruptive technologies in banking and insurance companies. Another example is Coalition Agreement in the UK, which le ads to a huge deficit in the insurance sector and disarray in a banking system, due to which there is a huge loss in sovereign debts market of UK (Valdezand Molyneux, 2015). Even due to this agreement, there are low-interest rates on financial stability and long-term impacts of quantitative easing (QE). In the industry, there are factors such as the rate of the currency in the international market, inflation rate, market and trade cycles, interest rate etc which impact the industry. The economic factors are important as they provide growth and expansion opportunities for the organisations, if the conditions are favorable then new organisations in the finance industry have scope to invest as well as operating organisations. For example: The financial crash of 2008-2009 impacts on financial operations of banking industries. Several leading banks had to deal with a problem of cyber security. Market orientation and banking structure also lead to the change in the development of financial operations of banking and insurance companies. In fact, interest rates also have some impacts on share prices in the financial services industries like banks and insurance companies. For example, HSBC bank has tax benefits with the deposit tenure of 5 years. Technology is improving, advancing with research and development and in every business industry, it plays an important role it provides scope and opportunity for the business to innovate and grow. It makes the process of Innovations in technology have played an important role in the industry, now anyone can use a card and conduct transactions form any part of the world. Core banking, online and mobile banking. Fin-tech disruptor is one of the financial technologies that mainly focused on the mobile payments to insurance. Organisations incorporate technology in the business operation which includes hardware software, internal and external services. Moreover, it can be assumed that by 2020, there will be decentralized asset ownership with the use of information technology rather than automatic turn to banks as an intermediary. According to Philippon (2015), Blockchain public ledger can be a significant part of financial institutions technology and infrastructure, as it moves from large retail sector to institutional use. 5 Forces Analysis: The 5 Forces Analysis is a tool that is used to study the intensity of the competition in the Industry at the same time it indicates scopes and opportunities that organisations operating in the industry may have. This tool was developed in 1979 by Michael Porter. This is used as a strategic management tool to develop the policies and formulate plans for the company to successfully grow in the competitive market (Ho 2014). Rivalry among Competing Firms: The competition in the market is created by the firms who provide similar kind of products and services. It is important to analyze the rate to competition in the industry because it will help the company to formulate strategic decisions better. In the global financial services market, the number of competing financial firms is limited, which makes the competitors compete for the same customers and resources. The lower storage costs also enable the competitors to bear lower risks to unload their inventory all at a time. Besides, due to the increasing growth of the financial services industry, it is evitable that all the competitors are growing in terms of revenue creation which gives a substantial reason that the competitors need not to compete to take the market share. In addition to these, the low exit barriers in the market enable the competitors to increase their profits naturally. All these factors ensure that the rivalry among the competing firms in the financial services marke t is moderately low (Porter, 2016). Threat of entry of new competitors: This is the scope of new organisations to start their business in the industry. This creates new competition as new firms bring new values and innovations to the industry. The distribution network in the global financial services market is weak and it is also very expensive to move the financial goods in the market. High capital requirement is also a barrier to the financial companies and they need to spend a lot of capital to survive in the market. Besides the introduction of the sunk costs, facing the existing big brands, inability to cope the advanced financial technologies, smaller economies of scale, and contingencies related to local government policies also make the threat of new entry in the global financial sector very low (Storey, 2016). Bargaining power of suppliers: There is a high level of competition among the suppliers in the financial services sector which has a positive impact on the sector as the suppliers cannot have bargaining leverage over the producers. Apart from that, the low concentration of suppliers, diverse distribution channels, and financial firms ability to switch suppliers reduce their bargaining power. Bedside the local government intervention makes it difficult for the suppliers to bargain for the services they offer (Minsky, 2016). Suppliers in the finance industry are can be third party service providers, hardware and software suppliers etc. Threat of development of substitute products: The substitutes are the indirect threats in the industry. The substitutes of the global financial services industry usually show lower performance, so the customers feel no urge to switch from the financial sector. Besides, the limited number of substitutes and the products and services offered by these substitutes do not let the development of substitute products pose a strong threat to the industry (Webb and Martin, 2017). Bargaining power of consumers: In the financial services sector, the customer has no bargaining power as negotiator and they also do not get much of attention when they need customization in their schemes. Low customer price sensitivity, low dependence on the distributor and large number of customer base disable the customers to have the bargaining power, but sometimes the competitors can offer services that are suitable for the customers, but the end it is the customers who need to negotiate with the terms and schemes (Shoup, 2017). Weakest force: The weakest force among these five forces is apparently the threat of substitutes. There is actually no closer substitute for the financial services around the world except for few countries such as the US and the UK where the microfinance services firms are seen as the potential substitutes for the global financial services industry. In these countries the microfinance providers cater to the low or middle income families to meet their basic needs at lower interest rates. But in many countries like India, the microfinance service providers are also treated as a valuable part of the entire financial services gamut (Shoup, 2017). Comparatively the bargaining power of consumers is a stronger force that the competitors in the global financial services industry need to respond meticulously. The consumers, nowadays, tend to have various demands such as digitization, personalization and more. The financial services around the world are also more inclined to know what the consumers really demand and they come up with different latest solutions such as integration of data as currency, automated servicing, digital services, personalization, and different channel agnostic. Apparently the weaker force is the threat of substitutes and the competitors sometimes find the substitutes profitable and they tend to follow the strategy of merge acquisition with these potential substitutes and enhance their portfolio with various offerings (Aalbers, 2017). Pertaining to the five forces, the changes in these forces in the next three years are not expected to be very significant. The finance industry is a huge industry where the competitors do not need to steal the market share as this industry undoubtedly an ever growing industry because of increasing demand from the customers and also it caters to all kinds of consumers such as business entities, corporate, middle class workers and lower class people. Besides, the current slowdown in the global economy is going to cast a negative impact on the global financial services industry (Porter, 2016). The landscape of the threat of new competitors is expected to change if the global government policies go through serious amendments. But as for now, there is no circular airing in the global financial services industry. Besides the technological advancement in the finance sector and Fintechs can also offer new opportunities for the new entrants in the industry (Storey, 2016). The supplier power in the financial sector can only change if the governments introduce any new policy, but this needs long time to implement the change. In addition to that, the technology advancement and the rise of Fintech firms are expected to change the landscape, yet a paradigm shift is not expected (Minsky, 2016). The substitute products providers are supposedly get merged with the big financial services providers in the coming three years. However, the Fintech providers are expected be an integral part of the financial entities in the world (Webb and Martin, 2017). The bargaining power of consumers in the financial services sector is supposedly increase, and to close the gap the finance sector along with the Fintech firms are expected to introduce new user friendly interfaces for smooth experiences (Shoup, 2017). Industry attractiveness: Selective Investment or Prudent Safe Investment and Growth Safe Investment and Growth Danger Zone Harvest or Divest Selective Investment or Prudent Safe Investment and Growth Danger Zone Harvest or Divest Danger Zone Harvest or Divest Selective Investment or Prudent Changes in the Companies in the Financial Industry: Innovating Resources and Capabilities Rapidly advancing technologies, evolution of customer expectations and demands, and a dynamic regulatory framework are expected to herald a new era of disruptive innovation in the global financial services industry. The financial technological innovations or the fintech innovations have successfully caught the attention of the customers, investors and the incumbents through disruptive innovations such as crypto-currencies, big data analytics, peer to peer lending and more. But the significant impact of these innovations on the global financial services industry remains opaque. The innovations in the global financial industry are supposed to stem from the following areas such as increased central banks intervention, increased concerned over data protection, increased regulatory pressure, increased transparency in asset management, increased use of Public-Private partnership, and slowdown in economic growth (Gaiet al.2017). Conclusion: One of limitations for the Fintech innovators is that it sometimes fails to create new infrastructure unless a group of financial services entities come together for building a viable ecosystem. The financial firms are also increasing their efforts to overhaul their systems and increase their customer experience through alignment with their expectations in the areas such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing and big data analytics. The financial service providers around the world need to embrace the change by partnering with the Fintech companies for achieving better profitability, market share and customer experience. Reference list: Aalbers, M.B., 2017. Corporate financialization. The International Encyclopedia of Geography. Al-Mulali, U. and Ozturk, I., 2015. The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region.Energy,84, pp.382-389. Baptista, G. and Oliveira, T., 2015. Understanding mobile banking: The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology combined with cultural moderators.Computers in Human Behavior,50, pp.418-430. Borio, C., 2014. The financial cycle and macroeconomics: What have we learnt?.Journal of Banking Finance,45, pp.182-198. Coleman, W.D., 2016.Financial services, globalization and domestic policy change. Springer. Gai, K., Qiu, M. and Sun, X., 2017. A survey on FinTech. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. Martins, C., Oliveira, T. and Popovi?, A., 2014. Understanding the Internet banking adoption: A unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application.International Journal of Information Management,34(1), pp.1-13. Minsky, H., 2016. Can" it" happen again?: essays on instability and finance. Routledge. Philippon, T., 2015. Has the US finance industry become less efficient? On the theory and measurement of financial intermediation.American Economic Review,105(4), pp.1408-38. Porter, T., 2016. States, markets and regimes in global finance. Springer. Shoup, C., 2017. Public finance. Routledge. Storey, D.J., 2016. Understanding the small business sector. Routledge. Valdez, S., and Molyneux, P. (2015).An introduction to global financial markets. Palgrave Macmillan. Webb, I. and Martin, G., 2017. The effect of banking and insurance on the growth of capital and output.

Demographic Paper Essay Example

Demographic Paper Essay Running head: DEMOGRAPHIC PAPER Demographic Paper Gabija Nezabitauskaite University Of Phoenix Cindy Nettestad Perkins HCS/490 3/31/2011 Demographic Paper Population demographics in the United States are experiencing increasing changes that may affect health care and its practice. Changes in population demographics do bring diversity in culture, economics, religion and believes, education and social disparity. According to Yali and Revensons, (2004), â€Å"Given the current levels of social and racial disparities in health and the likelihood that these disparities will not decrease under the current health system, we presume that as the American population continues to change, these disparities will have an even greater impact on health â€Å"(pg. 147). The expansive changes in population demographics can and will affect the health care in various ways. In the following paragraphs the senior management team can become familiar with the identified targeted population, data about this population demographics, the general impact that changing demographics may have on the health care market, and the ways the changes of demographics of this particular population will affect health care. Moreover, a few keys of health related- challenges to this population will be analyzed including the care costs, the effects of chronic disease wellness program and is effects on the costs for this demographics will be discusses. We will write a custom essay sample on Demographic Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Demographic Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Demographic Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Last, the senior management team can finalize their reading with the writer’s opinion about these demographics effects on marketing needs and services, and how these challenges can be addressed. Targeted population and demographics data The number of aging population is substantial increasing, particularly the ones in their oldest age, who are the highest demanders for health care consumption. The age of world’s population is increasing for a few reasons. The decline in fertility and the increased life expectancy result in increased numbers of elderly also called the â€Å"Baby Boomer Age†. Hence aged population uses the public health system and social and medical services the most, in compare to a younger population. For example, many older adults are affected by chronic diseases, have any sort of disability that leads to an increased long-term health care costs. According to CDC, (2003), â€Å"In the United States, the proportion of the population aged over 65 years is projected to increase from 12. 4% in 2000 to 19. 6% in 2030. The number of person aged over 65 years is expected to increase from approximately 35 million in 2000 to an estimated 71 million in 2030, and the number of persons aged 80 years is expected to increase from 9. 3 million in 2000 to 19. 5 million in 2030† (para. 2). States as California, Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Florida contain the largest numbers of older population. We are experiencing the demographic change that is highly influenced by low fertility and delayed mortality rather than the other way around. Thus the result of such a change links to demographic transition impacting the worldwide age distribution. Demographic impact on the health care market Aged population has many specific demands on health care impacting the health care market. For instance, pharmaceutical companies are more concentrating on manufacturing drugs for older generation. The advertisement on TV is aiming 70 % percent more for older audience rather than younger audience. Besides drug advertisement, long-term care facilities, and insurances such as Medicare that serves only the elderly, are booming on TV, magazines, and news papers. Such demographics also affect the orthopedic market. For example, because the elderly population in the US is increasing hence there is higher incidence of musculoskeletal conditions that only happens with aging. Therefore the orthopedic occupation is becoming very important because of the high demand. Hence the health care market is focusing on targeted population that affects health care delivery and consumption. Why and how the demographics of aged population affect health care/increased health care and prescriptions, and long-term care costs Aged population will and already is impacting the health care, as it drives the health care costs up. For example, some medical statistics show, persons 65 and over consume three to five times more health care costs, that the ones who are younger than 65. According to CDC, (2003), â€Å"†¦the rapid growth in the number of older persons, coupled with continued advances in medical technology, is expected to create upward pressure on health- and long-term-care spending† (para. 8). The biggest concern of the effects on the health care is the imposed challenge associated with long- term care on families and public resources. For instance, the expenditures for long-term care are rapidly increasing, placing a burden for public financing. As of 2001, $132 billion dollars were spend for public programs including Medicaid and Medicare, of which 60% were covered by the federal government and 30 by patients and their families. Another concern in the health care industry challenging the seniors is the rise in costs for prescription drugs. One of the main reasons why the pharmaceuticals are becoming more and more expensive is the aging population and the increased use of expensive specialty medications. Chronic disease wellness program affect the costs for this demographic Chronic disease wellness programs are very important for such demographics as seniors because this group of age is increasing as proportion of the entire population and contributes to health care cost escalation. Wellness programs are necessary for the elderly because it helps to improve their wellbeing. For example, such programs include increased physical activity, healthy nutrition, elimination of smoking and alcohol consumption. Hence the issue on utilization in such programs is the elevated expenditures that reflect on reduced in-patient admissions. As mentioned above the demographics of seniors are rapidly changing, and more beneficiaries are enrolling in Medicare. As of 2011 about 46 million people are receiving benefits, by the 2030 it is estimated that about 78 million people will be enrolled. According to Coberley, Rula, and Pope (2011), â€Å"Over 95 percent of the amounts currently spent by Medicare on the nation’s senior population is consumed by beneficiaries with one or more chronic diseases. These factors, taken together and notwithstanding the reduced costs projected as a result of health care reform, have led the Medicare Trustees to estimate that the program will be insolvent by 2029† (pg. 45). Another concern that has an impact to the cost for chronic disease wellness program is the increase in overweight people who sooner or later will suffer from diabetes. Current statistics from CDC show an increase in diabetes patients from 8 per 1000 people as of 2008, to 15 per 1000 in 2050. Marketing needs and/or services needed for aged population As we discussed above, chronic disease wellness program are elevating health care costs for seniors because of a high demand for such programs. Hence a solution would be an increased marketing and services for wellness programs that would help the pre-seniors before their retirement and to prevent chronic disease or at least mellow the symptoms with a healthier life style. Therefore, marketing various wellness programs, including fitness and healthy nutrition would prevent seniors and the Medicare from costly treatment of chronic disease. For example, few studies showed that health care related expenses resulted in reduction because of the association with community based physical activity program. Hence seniors with diabetes should have a particular interest to focus on wellness programs because of the financial impact of diabetes on Medicare expenditures. Marketing needs for wellness aiming the elderly should be striving. The individual patient, the community, and society as a whole addressing these challenges The current demographic situation with the aged raises alarms about the ability of the health care system to cope with the future health care needs. This particular demographic is facing following challenges, the increased healthcare issues including chronic diseases, unstable healthcare insurance coverage, high medical expenses, and debt problems. Hence given the circumstances older people before approaching retirement could do the following to address these challenges. For instance, add special health accounts of Medicare for expenses that are not covered, eliminate the waiting period, which is two years, for disabled individuals to be covered by Medicare, and allow the elderly to enroll early helped by tax credits for low income people. Community and the whole society should focus on healthy lifestyle to prevent from chronic diseases. Public health should make available and promote fitness-based wellness programs, healthy nutrition shops including farmer’s markets, and social outdoor activities. Conclusion The discussed demographics of aged population reflect various issues in health care. The number of elderly is rapidly increasing for two reasons, lower birth rate, and higher life span. Some of the issues in health care affected by the seniors include the cost elevation of health care services, prescription drugs, and long-term care. Chronic disease wellness programs are experiencing reduced in-patient admissions, as the costs became a burden for the Medicare beneficiaries. Marketing service is highly focusing on promoting fitness-based wellness programs, and chronic disease prevention incentives. There is much what an individual, the community and the whole society can do to address the challenges that this demographic is facing. References Yali, A. M. , and Revenson, T. (2004). How changes in Population Demographics Will Impact Health Psychology: Incorporating a Broader Notion of Cultural Competence Into the Field. Retrieved from, http://web. gc. cuny. edu/Psychology/socpersonality/TAR/docs/04HowChangesinPop. pdf CDC. (2003). Public Health and Aging: Trends in Aging-United States and Worldwide. Retrieved from, http://www. cdc. gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5206a2. htm Coberley, C. , Rula, E. , and Pope, J. (2011). Effectiveness of Health and Wellness Initiatives for Seniors. Retrieved from, http://www. healthways. com/uploadedfiles/popHealthManagement/EffectivenessofHealthWellnessForSeniors. pdf

Inherit The Wind

Inherit The Wind Henry Drummond (Tracy, left) and Matthew Harrison ...The book "Inherit The Wind"‚  by Robert E. Lee, is about a man, Bertram Cates, who is accused of teaching the theory of evolution in a public school, that only allowed the theory of creation and the bible to be taught. The theory of evolution says that man evolved from monkeys. When Henry Drummond, a lawyer for Cates, and Bert are talking in the courtroom, while the jury was out making their decision on a verdict. Henry brings up an old memory of an old rocking hoarse he used to have called the "Golden Dancer"‚ . Henry says that the "Golden Dancer"‚  was his first long shot. Henry Drummond has a piece of advise for Bert, it is " whenever you see something bright, perfect seeming all gold, with purple spots-look behind the present! And if it's a lie, show it up for what it really is!"‚  To begin with Drummonds quote relates to when he was a kid, Henry had wanted a rocking hoarse by the name of "Golden Dan cer"‚ , in the big side window of a general store in Wakeman, Ohio. Henry said he used to stand out on the street and say to himself, "if only he had Golden Dancer he would have everything in the world that he wanted."‚  The rocking hoarse had a bright red mane, blue eyes, was gold all over with purple spots. Henry said it was a week's wages for his father, so he knew there would always be a plate glass between him and the rocking hoarse. Until one morning he woke up and saw the beautiful rocking hoarse lying at the foot of his bed, it was the "Golden Dancer"‚ . Henry's mother had skimped out on the groceries and his father had worked nights for a month. Henry got...