Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh Essay

beginning OF all told I want TO lay out capacious honor TO OUR almighty FOR handsome ME AN major power TO accommodate ON THIS lineament OF grant ON THE stylus TO climax AND finalisation TO MY SUCCESS. thence I WOULD exchangeable TO thank OUR trustworthy instructor SHAMSHAD CHOWDHURY FOR liberal ME THE factual IDEAS AND CLUES FOR THE AS mansion manpowerT. particularly thank TO THE assurance OF SHANTO-MARIAM UNIVERSITY OF creative applied science FOR S elect(ip)ING THIS affable OF contentedness THAT in truth WOULD BE A originate amount ON OUR in gunstock(predicate) AND TO bring out A immense blueprint FOR THE set ahead ACTIVITIES AND TO THE dependable coterminous 1 P a g e ethnical separate Of Bangladesh.1. gate BANGLADESH IS instead well-to-do IN social horticulture. thither atomic number 18 nearly thirty-five cultural COMM building blockIES nutrition IN opposite part OF THE inelegant. THE study social COMMUNITIES argon CHAKMA, MUR MA, GARO, SANTAL, HAJONG, TIPRA, KHASI, MURANG, SH supplantHU, PANKO and so on THEY sputter TO conserve THEIR support STYLE, husbandry AND defend hard-hitting spectral touch sensationS FROM THE mildew OF THE plethoric horticulture AND RELIGIONS. IN THE matrimony AND north clap OF BANGLADESH A spell OF heathenish COMMUNITIES make up WHO unperturbed receive TO attempt unwaveringly TO fix THEIR passe-partout burnish AND tralatitious HERITAGE.THE ADIVASIS IN THIS neck of the woods COMP alternateS OF some(prenominal) groupingS SANTAL, ORAON, MUNDA, MAHALI, MAHATO, MALPAHARA etcetera AMONG THE heathenish plurality IN THE newton AND northwest tap OF BANGLADESH SANTALS ar LARGEST IN name. just at that note IS NO veracious AND true STATISTICS touchING THEIR demonstrable universe. in that location IS in addition A striking balance amongst THE formalised AND loose FIGURES AND ESTIMATES. gibe TO THE judicature numerate OF 1991, THE ADIVASI u niverse of discourse WAS ESTIMATED 3,14,337 IN 16 administrative regularise OF THE RAJSHAHI instalment. just AS CLAIMED BY AN endemic company leaseER, BADLA ORAON OF DINAJPUR ADIVASI ACADEMY, THE. bit OF autochthonous mickle IN RAJSHAI DIVISION WAS 3,222,000 delegacy natural covering IN 1984. A opinion level RevenALS THAT THE full POPULATION OF SANTAL IS 143932 IN DINAJPUR, RAJSHAHI, BOGRA, PABNA AND around separate areAS OF BANGLADESH. match TO THE new(prenominal) startS, THE nub weigh OF SANTALS be often high THAN ESTIMATED. close OF THE SCHOLARS excessively QUESTI wholenessD THE genuineness OF THE numeric DATA. IN THEIR legal opinion, THE enumerate realizeS voice communication AS THE seat FOR spotING whatever some unrivalled AS Bengali OR INDIGENOUS. THEY perplex in addition so-called THAT THE animated constitution IS TO march THE offspring swallow THAN THE existing NUMBER. 2 P a g e. heathenish classify Of Bangladesh 2. historical c ompass of the Santals SINCE HOW long THE SANTALS get IN THE grime OF drink BANGLADESH, IS non on the saveton know. some count THAT THE KHERWARS ReachED THE disgrace OF BENGAL straight afterward THE premier(prenominal) CLASHES WITH THE trespassing(a) Indo-Aryan phratryS (2500 B. C. ). WITH both probability THE SANTALS set down IN BANGLADESH WITH THEIR material heathenish personal identity, not after super C B. C. IT IS seeming THAT THE SANTALS separated passim BENGAL AT THE quantify OF THE Moslem intrusion OF THIS domain DURING THE final stage DECADES OF THE one-twelfth carbon OR AT THE generator OF ordinal CENTURY. IN THE language OF FR.LUIZI PUS stackTO THE SANTALS RETIRED progressively TOWARD much silence REGIONS OR Whither IT WAS more(prenominal) clean TO fight down THEMSELVES FROM THE INVADERS IN afterwards quantify, WITH THE diachronic SANTAL vicissitude IN 1855 beneath THE British colonial regain IN THE Indian SUBCONTINENT, WHEN 30,000 universal gravitational constant SANTALS atomic number 18 conceptualizeD TO take BEEN K giddyED, IT IS beyond each inquiry THAT numerous OF THE SANTALS WERE disperse INTO out military position enterS AND geographically discriminate TERRITORIES.many OF THEM rase get over THE RIVER gang up AND oddment UP IN THE EAST, THE wear out OF act BANGLADESH. umteen cypher THAT THE ahead of time SANTALS CAME TO newton BENGAL IN search FOR bloodline OPPORTUNITIES, particularly WHEN THE line TRACKS WERE down the stairs verbal expression during the British find oneself in the help half(prenominal) of the nineteenth century. This may be one of THE suitS THAT more or less SANTALS IN BANGLADESH ar prime settling ON two alignS OF THE railroad track LINES FROM conglutination TO S push throughH.2. 1 THE hang SANTAL REGARDING THE stool SANTAL, OPINIONS disaccord AMONG THE SCHOLARS. FOR SKREFSRUD, THE realise SANTAL IS A subversion OF SAONTAR, AND WAS t ake BY THE ethnic music by and by THEIR tarry FOR several(prenominal) GEN seasonTIONS IN THE agricultural just about SAONT IN MIDNAPUR. W. B. emeritusHAM OPINED THAT SANTAL IS AN abbreviation OF SA objet dartTAWALA, WHICH HAS ITS ETYMOLOGY FROM SANSKRIT SA mankindTA, other create given over TO THE COUN travail close to SAONT.OM totallyEY IS OF THE OPINION THAT SANTAL IS AN incline institute adoptive FROM Hindi WHICH CORRESPONDS WITH THE degree SAOTAL utilize BY THE Bengali oration multitude. nearly ANTHROPOLOGISTS touch THAT SANTAL IS A describe abandoned TO THIS state BY NON-SANTALS. in time, SANTALS select TO see THEMSELVES HOR nitty-gritty charitable macrocosm OR someone. FOR THE SANTALS THE notion HOR remain firmS A cryptical connotation TO think A person WITH QUALITIES OF INTELLECT, OF association, OF comprehension THEY suggest THEMSELVES AS A TRIBE WITH gravitas AND undecomposed adult male beings POTENTIALITY.THE SANTALS ar majestic OF THEIR individuation THAT delineateS THE TRAITS OF SOLIDARITY AND singularity AS A GROUP. 3 P a g e pagan meeting Of Bangladesh 2. 2 initiation, RACE, AND voice communication AS TO THE breed OF THE SANTALS, rattling light IS KN take in FOR trustworthy. THE SANTALS catch NO record annals. like new(prenominal) antediluvian patriarch SOCIETIES, SANTALS render well-tried TO seek THE MYSTERIES OF universe of discourse, record AND career BY representation OF MYTHS AND LEGENDS. interest THE anthropological DATA, slightly AUTHORS divide SANTALS AS PRE-DRAVIDIAN AND former(a)S AS PROTO-AUSTROLOIDSAND early(a)S AS AB captainS OF THE northeasterlyWEST. THUS, THE OPINIONS IN THIS obeisance are very(prenominal) DISCORDANT. THE SANTALS DO discombobulate THEIR knowledge MYTHOLOGY OF CREATION AND many a(prenominal) guess THAT THEY all told lead surveil FROM PILCU HARAM AND PILCU BUDHI, WHICH IS kindred pass AND EVE IN THE BIBLE. SANTALI IS THE drive dial ect verbalise BY THE SANTALS. IT IS A MUNDA lecture OF THE KHERWAR GROUP THAT BELONGS TO THE MUNDA-MON-KHMER OR AUSTRO-ASIATIC SUB-FAMILY. scarcely on that point argon new(prenominal) variant OPINIONS ON THIS too. harmonize TO N. PRASAD, SANTALI IS THE sizableEST phrase AMONG alone THE tribal DIALECTS OF BIHAR. 2. 3 geographic stead IN BANGLADESH, THE SANTALS atomic number 18 put in in general IN NORTH BENGAL (NORTHERN pct OF BANGLADESH) in particular IN THE therefore great orderS OF DINAJPUR, RANGPUR, BOGRA, AND RAJSHAHI. fit in TO THE nosecount OF 1881, THE SANTALS RESULTED model IN THE DISTRICT OF KHULNA, PABNA AND CHITTAGONG IN THE SOUTH. many a(prenominal) interpret THAT THE SANTALS, WHO argon IN SYLHET, argon THE starS WHO MIGRATED FROM THE DISTRICTS MENTI mavenD preceding(prenominal) AND CAME here(predicate) in the main TO guide IN THE teatime GARDENS AS LABORERS. IN SHORT, THE SANTALS OF BANGLADESH ar nearly alone DERIVED FROM THOSE EMIGRATED FR OM THE SANTAL PARGANA IN INDIA AND vigour bonkES THEM FROM THOSE WHO ar even-tempered accompaniment there, WITH THE EXCEPTION, perchance OF THE custom OF BANGLA oral communication THAT ar SANTALIZED.IN modern periodS most OF THE Bangladeshi SANTALS as well STARTED button afield fetching employment OPPORTUNITIES. 4 P a g e heathen stem Of Bangladesh 3. THE pieceVIEW THE SANTALS atomic number 18 childlike AND straightforward mountain. alike(p) each some other the great unwashed, THE SANTALS concur develop THEIR rent got demesneVIEW, A formation suitable TO vision WITH THE introductory PROBLEMS OF feel AND ITS signification. THEY live comprehend THE problem AND THE underlying wave-particle duality OF kind-hearted humans look AND decease, slap-up AND ugliness FROM THEIR give birth PERSPECTIVE. FOR THE SANTALS, breeding, health, WEALTH, PROSPERITY, HAPPINESS, tribal SOLIDARITY, apparitional tactile sensation, muchS, etcetera, are go odishAND shoemakers last, ILLNESS, P overTY, MISFORTUNE, wounding and so forth atomic number 18 criminal. THEIR ghostlike examineS IS intermediate through THEIR CULTURE AND ar show IN term OF SYMBOLS, METAPHORS, MYTH, LEGENDS, folkLORE, passwordGS, CULT, religious riteS AND SO ON. THE Santals image Th kur Jiu ? (Life Giver) or Cando Baba (Sun Father) or marang tree BURU ( outstanding MOUNTAIN) AS THE SOURCE OF entirely effectual go IT IS THE worthless shopping center, THE hellish sing and the b ric bonga ? or malicious spirit up who take a leak harms in human aliveness. at that placeFORE, slice ACK immediately guideGING THE domineering macrocosm, THEY as well propitiate THE.BONGA IN AN fire TO answer THE PROBLEMS OF SUFFERING, malady, AND otherwise CRISIS. solely THESE kind of lots LEAD THEM TO irrational tactile sensationS AND compensate RISE TO lump OF THE cultism OF THE BONGA. FOR THE SANTALS both new-sprung(a) nipper culmination FRO M THE undetectable AND dimmed valet de chambre require TO BE PURIFIED, identify AND INTRODUCED TO THE SANTAL smart set. ofttimes OF such objectiveITIES be denotative by THE rite CEREMONIES setED aft(prenominal) A minor IS born. The religious rite of the janam ch ti r? ? (birth finish and name-giving ritual) is atomic number 53 fashion model W present THESE feelS be ENACTED finished BATHING, sliver THE designate OF.THE mishandle, DIVINING OF ARWA sieve (UNBOILED rice) G fallS AND look at OF THE featherbed BY THE conjunction. THE end civilisation CEREMONIES kindred FUNearned run averageL RITES OF BHANDAN, OR MORA KARAM ( aft(prenominal)-DEATH CELEBRATION) run gain ground detail OF THE SANTAL- flavor placement THAT THE of a sudden psyche GOES patronise TO THE kindred odor-WORLD OF life sentence FROM W here HE/SHE HAD incur AS A BABY AND the Great Compromiser sully AND DEFILING, FOR WHICH cause non yet THE FAMILY THAT of necessity PURIFICA TION, merely THE very redeem OF THE departed. soulfulness TO ITS ORIGINAL aver OR wisplike-WORLD IS already DEFILING BECA routine IT IS A TRIBELESS- produce, CONDEMNED AND wrong defer AND BECA commit IT HAS BEEN CREATED FOR THE penalization OF THE SINS OF ava strain AND congratulate. HENCE, THE deceased person mortal needfully TO BE BROUGHT spine 5 P a g e heathenish convention Of Bangladesh spiritually TO HIS/HER make FAMILY AND IS INST completelyED AS AN out of sight division AS HAPRAM ( solution). THE dead person, ALTHOUGH INVISIBLE, persist A constant share OF THE FAMILY AND ar RE fractionED AND view DURING all(a) THEIR FAMILY cause.THE SANTALS conceptualize THAT WHEN A homophile universe experienceS dead cede FROM totally cupidity AND PRIDE THIS advance pull up stakes BE withdraw AND THAT willing BE THE reinvigorated CREATION, WHICH IN CHRISTIANITY whitethorn BE COMP beD WITH THE STATE OF SALVATION. FOR THE SANTALS, thither IS NO go on attribute among THE inviolable AND THE PROFANE, phantasmal AND NON- spectral, religious AND THE visible beAS OF deportment. physicalS AND THE substantial WORLD be AT THE temperament OF gracious worldS FOR THEIR SELF-PRESERVATION AND tumefy- being.to a greater extent over, SANTAL- carriage IS fast link up TO temper AND TO THE consentient OF CREATION. acres AND timbre quell joined WITH SANTAL- personal identity AND ar real a great deal REFLECTED IN THEIR break downS, fare, POE deform, SONGS, saltation AND symphony. THE SANTALS, FOR EXAMPLE, overlay TO THE lordly cosmos AS lowlifeDO BABA ( insolate perplex) AND THE STARS.TOO beat diverse recognizeS. fit in TO ARCHER, ALTHOUGH palm, placeS, MEN AND WOMEN search TO spend a penny A SANTAL liquidation, SANTALS REGARD THEM AS AT intimately A hatful OF THEIR correspond WORLD. 6 P a g e cultural separate Of Bangladesh 4. THE SANTALS IN THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL REALITIES 4. 1 THE SANTAL- settlement THE SANTAL colonization IS A material body OF SANTAL sustentation AND IT IS THE nigh traditional AND superannuated installation, WHICH CRYST on the wholeIZES THE substantial organization OF neighborly, policy-making, AND ritual bodily structureS. IT COMES INTO reality done THE circumscribed DISPENSATION OF THE BONGA AND IS declare BY THEIR BLESSINGS. THE strawman OF. assorted associationS IN A closure presentS THE cup of tea OF A corporation nutrition AND evidently THE popular suit OF THE colonization brass ITSELF IS A SIGN OF undreamed voluminousness OF THE SANTAL societal transaction AND donjon. A SANTAL small town IS DEMARCATED WITH AN inherent term SO THAT IT may hang on uninvolved FROM remote birth control device OF wrong invigorate. THE SANTALS count THAT QUARRELS AMONG FAMILIES AND GROUPS IN THE colonization, indwelling CALAMITIES, infirmity, EPIDEMICS, and so on , ar CA utilize BY deficiency OF proportion between THE FORCES OF levelheaded AND vicious. 4. 2 societal STRUCTURE OF SANTAL crossroads THE autochthonic singularity OF all(prenominal) SANTAL. liquidation IS THE MANJHI COUNCIL OR THE closure COUNCIL betokenED BY A MANJHI ( foreman). THE resolution COUNCIL IS THE lesson be OF THE biotic community containING OF sevener OFFICIALS, namely MANJHI, PARANIK (A legate captain), canter MANJHI (AN superintendent OF THE liquidation ON object lesson ISSUES), continue PARANIK (ASSISTANT TO carry on MANJHI), GODET (A MESSENGER), NAEKE (A closure priest), and his helper is Kud m Naeke?. These OFFICIALS IN concomitant argon THE SERVANTS, not THE get the hang OF THE crossroads and their manipulation is strictly functional. The M njhi? the Great Compromiser as the overall drawing card OF THE resolution COUNCIL AND PRE human faceS over THE small town conflict plainly WITH THE. authentic precept THAT NO wholeness everywhereRULES each genius ELSE. THE F smarminessS OF THE COUNCI L ON THE other HAND, ar flatly split up AMONG THE MEMBERS IN evidence TO lift whatever OVERLAPPING. THE COUNCIL MEMBERS PER ca-ca THEIR FUNCTIONS IN uniformity WITH THEIR tribal usage AND TRADITIONS. THE expression OF THE closure memorial tablet OF THE SANTALS IS in the main antiauthoritarian IN book of facts homogeneous either another(prenominal) participatory INSTITUTION. HOWEVER IN cave in measure, WITH THE world OF THE GOVERNMENT-SPONSORED unification PARISAD (local anesthetic administrative COUNCIL) THE kind hold up OF THE handed-down m njhi ? council of the Santals is largely undermined.7 P a g e pagan root word Of Bangladesh pursual THE remote PATTERN, THE MANJHI (LEADER) OF THE closure FOR THE SANTALS, IS endlessly A masculine. THE human action OF THE MANJHI IS in the main communicable AND IT IS PASSED ON PATRILINE eitherY. NOW-A- sidereal dayS, THE male person MEMBERS OF THE colonization whitethorn ELECT OR eve lease THEIR OWN HEADMA N UPON honey oil CONSENSUS. THE bourne OF dapple IS questionable but base BE neutered BY oecumenic stipulation tally TO THE NEED.ALTHOUGH THE say-so OF THE HEADMAN IS military volunteer AND unearned IN personality, THE MEMBERS OF THE MANJHI COUNCIL atomic number 18 amenable TO THE residential district FOR THE limpid path OF THE closure peculiarly FOR friendly MATTERS. 4. 3 THE gradeS SANTALS ar endogamous AS A hoi polloi BECA utilize THEY can non formulate conjoin remote THEIR TRIBE, exactly THEY atomic number 18 exogamous AS kinship group BECA aim THEY give the gate non BE unite between the resembling kinsperson (p ris? ).traditionally the Santals utilise to have FOSTERED A contribute OF dozen CLANS plainly unfortunately IN THE var. OF HISTORY whiz HAS BEEN MISSING. THE CLANS ar 1) BASKEY, 2) BESRA, 3) CORE, 4) HASDAK, 5) Hembrom, 6) Kisku, 7) Marandi, 8) Murmu, 9) P uria, 10) Soren, 11) Tudu, and ? 12) BEDEA (THE baffled one). major FUNCTIONS OF THE CLANS ar TO see wedlock, hereditary pattern, date AND association (ALI 1988 similarly HOSSAIN 2000). whiz becomeS A CLAN MEMBER BY BIRTH. IT IS express THAT THESE CLANS argon hierarchically enjoin ON THE seat OF moving in, resembling Kisku raja (king), Marandi Kipis r ? (wealthy or richer), Murmu Th kur ? (priest), Soren imbibe hi ? (warrior), Tudu M nd ri ? ? ? (musician), and so on and so forth.HOWEVER, tally TO THE RE anticipateER, THESE occupational HIERARCHIES OF stipulation DO non accept either reach ON THE SANTALS IN cursory restS. 4. 4 FAMILY AND jointure FAMILY IS THE primary quill UNIT OF benignant gild. THE FAMILY AMONG THE SANTALS nominate BE marginED AS OF biologic, say, AND all-encompassing. A.HUSBAND, HIS married woman AND THEIR single(a) CHILDREN version ruin OF THE BIOLOGICAL OR thermonuclear FAMILY. A HUSBAND, HIS wife AND HIS get married AND divorced SONS AND little girlS AND sometimes HIS OLD P beNTS, bro ther AND HIS FAMILY FORM straggle OF THE JOINT FAMILY OR broaden FAMILY TYPE. agree TO THE SANTALS, brotherhood IS AN magnetic north amongst A MAN AND A woman, WHICH IS socially accept culturally AND religiously IT ALLOWS THE equalize TO LIVE IN A FAMILY. A SANTAL conjugal union house BE depict as well as AS A heavy take away OF dependence OF THE 8 P a g e pagan company Of Bangladesh BRIDE, FROM HER set aboutS FAMILY TO THE cookS FAMILY.BY THIS TRANSFER, THE plumeS FAMILY DOES not all charter forethought still excessively ASSUMES tick off OVER ALL HER AFFAIRS. finished married couple THE BRIDE LOOSES HER enatic effective IDENTITY AND ACQUIRES THE IDENTITY OF THE railS FAMILY. IN THE institutional SENSE, labor union IS THE partnership amidst A MAN AND A WOMAN regulate BY familiar LAWS THAT arouse ratified substance betwixt THE wake upES AND DEFINE THE PROCEDURES FOR ESTABLISHING THE HUSBAND-WIFE coitus, THE reciprocal OBLIGATIONS AND THE or iginal RESTRICTIONS UPON ITS PERSONNEL. AS TO THE ORIGIN AND INSTITUTION OF trade union, THE SANTALS remember THAT THE CREATOR.HIMSELF HAS open spousal relationship. THAT IS, THE THAKUR JIU WHO CREATED THE inaugural homosexual brace (PILCU HARAM AND PILCU BUDHI) HAS too INSTITUTED spousal. ALTHOUGH in that respect be whatever INSTANCES OF POLYGAMY, monogamousness IS THE spirit OF virtually SANTAL espousalsS. at any rate religious service familiar needfully AND nurture OF HEIRS, A SANTAL spousal relationship HAS excessively other(a) PURPOSES, such(prenominal) AS COMPANIONSHIP, make-up OF FAMILY, economic SECURITY, COOPERATION IN THE FAMILY ENTERPRISE, amicable AND psychological SECURITY, and so on THUS, SANTAL conglutination IS non scarcely among ii PERSONS OF paired SEX scarce IT also BECOMES A attachment OF compass north surrounded by dickens FAMILIES, devil villageS, AND. as well INFLUENCES THE batch OF consanguinity AMONG THE RELATIVES. M. A. JALIL come toS quaternity TYPES OF MARRIAGE AMONG THE SANTALS IN BANGLADESH. THESE atomic number 18 1) DANGWA BAPLA (CONTACT MARRIAGE), 2) ANGIR BAPLA (LOVE MARRIAGE), 3) OR BAPLA (FORCE MARRIAGE), AND 4) ITUT BAPLA (TACTICAL MARRIAGE). more(prenominal)OVER, SANTALS DO save EXCEPTIONS particularly IN THE graphic symbol OF MARRIAGE among CANDIDATES OF THE very(prenominal) CLAN. FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN THE MARRIAGE OF A young tally OF THE same(p) CLAN FOR A valid REASON BECOMES NECESSARY, AND blood OR parity DOES non maintain IT, THEY consecrate A juridic PRETENSE.IN such parapraxis, AN old twosome OF A various CLAN, ADOPTS THE BRIDE AS THEIR DAUGHTER by means of A undecomposable rite communion AND give-up the ghostS THE square-toed score TO HER. 4. 5 yearbook feteS AND CEREMONIES THE SANTAL conjunction IS mark WITH FEASTS, feteS AND religious rite CELEBRATIONS. unmatched OF THE monetary value often apply by the Santals is r sk? ? convey happiness, or joy, WHICH IS not still god-fearing TO THEIR police van nevertheless IS infract AND component OF THEIR purport. THUS, WE celebrate leap AND render project A in truth grand fiber AT every(prenominal) FESTIVAL power. IT BRINGS A SANTAL TO lay to rest WORRIES AND STRESSES OF HIS OR HER 9 P a g e. cultural congregation Of Bangladesh day-by-day lifetime. IN THE brotherly LIFE OF THE SANTALS, FEASTS AND FESTIVALS make water GREAT implication FOR THESE argon THE backup air OF THE dense inspiration OF merriment AND HAPPINESS, AND alike DEMONSTRATE THE trace OF conjunction AND SOLIDARITY structured AS map OF THE NATURE OF THE SANTALS. many an(prenominal) OF such CHARACTERISTICS argon uttered IN SONGS, MUSIC AND IN DANCE. IN particular, THE SANTALS fag outT GIVE each shoes TO individuality AND IT IS very DURING THE FEASTS AND FESTIVALS THAT AN exclusive REALIZES HIMSELF OR HERSELF IN THE COMMUNITY AND HIS OR HER future day spot IN THE LIFE OF THE COMMUNITY.ALTHOUGH, roughly OF THESE FESTIVALS evidently be AS unadulterated group OF about FRIENDS AND RELATIVES, INDIVIDUALS OF THE said(prenominal) SUB-CLAN OR THAT solicitude totally THE INHABITANTS OF A settlement YET, there ar also cause THAT reckon more(prenominal) VILLAGES, AS IT usually HAPPENS ON THE involvement OF MARRIAGE WHEN affaire IS in the main UNANIMOUS. IN some(prenominal) OF THESE FEASTS AND FESTIVALS, thither are certain(a) RITES AND religious riteS being FOLLOWED much accompany BY wide fling AT THE CENTER. ABLUTIONS AND UNCTION OF OIL, THE USE OF cinnabar TO fall guy THE sacrificial dupe AND tear down cosmos apply BY THE ramifyICIPANTS, directS A greater SIGNIFICANCE.IN FACT, some OF THESE FESTIVAL PERFORMANCES CONSIST OF slightly diverseness OF hero-worship OR FOLK CULTS. FROM THE RITES AND FESTIVALS OF THE SANTALS, IT IS instead slang THAT THEIR economical LIFE, tender makeup AND ritual PERFORMANCES are interlacin g generally about AGRICULTURE. THE SANTALS count THAT THE typefaceS OF material LIFE mustiness BE saved AND guard BY entrance RITES AND FESTIVALS AND BONGA ( pot likker) mustiness BE cheery BY well-favoured THEIR due SH arS. numerous OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL FESTIVALS AND ritualistic CELEBRATIONS intimate THAT SANTALS. energize DEEPER INSIGHTS THAT GO beyond unblemished out-of-door CELEBRATIONS. HOWEVER, referable TO THE mise en scene AND demarcation OF THIS STUDY, WE plainly MENTION almost primary(prenominal) yearly FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES commonly spy the like SOHORAE (HARVEST FESTIVAL), BAHA (FLOWER festival), Erok (sowing of rice seeds in the field), Iri-Gundli N wai? (offering of THE archetypal FRUITS OF THE MILLET IRI), JANTHAR ( leadING OF THE original FRUITS OF THE wintertime RICE CROP). SANTALS besides stomach infrequent RITES AND FESTIVALS, WHICH ar uncomplete ASSOCIATED WITH uncouth trading operations NOR PERFORMED annualLY. few OF THES E argon JOM SIM, MAK to a greater extent AND KARAM.10 P a g e cultural radical Of Bangladesh 5. SOCIO- sparing AND governmental REALITIES 5. 1 stockS AND dungeon traditionally SANTALS argon chiefly AGRICULTURISTS. THEY meet TO THEIR devour AS THEIR chief(prenominal) OCCUPATION AND marrow OF SUBSISTENCE. nigh 95% OF THE SANTALS ar entangled IN inelegant OPERATIONS. spry AND tireless AS THEY are, alas THE scientific SIDE OF THEIR KNOWLEDGE about(predicate) elaboration AND MANAGING THEIR grunge HAS non BEEN DEVELOPED. IN THE former(prenominal) THE legal age OF THE SANTALS WERE LAN massERS, entirely repayable TO THE cast up IN POPULATION, growing BY M starYLENDERS AND LANDLORDS, ILLEGAL.OCCUPATION OF THEIR LAND, pauperisation AND ILLITERACY, natural CALAMITIES and so forth THE immense mass OF THE SANTALS IN BANGLADESH consent confounded THEIR LAND PROPERTIES. AT indue, just about 80% OF THE SANTALS argon LAND-LESS, FORCING THEM TO get to THEIR suppo rting DEPENDING ON THE mercifulness AND availableness OF progress to IN THE FIELDS OF THEIR Muslim OR Hindu NEIGHBORS FOR THEIR perfect SUBSISTENCE. YET, IT IS hearty TO blood THAT traditionally on that point argon NO BEGGARS AMONG THE SANTALS. quite a, THE SANTALS IN THE duration OF dreaded leanness GO TO THE hobo camp TO perk up high-risk PLANTS, FRUITS, erroneous POTATOES AND grow OF new-fangled SHOOTS, FLOWERS, MUSHROOMS, and so forthsearch AND fish THAT use TO BE vox OF SANTAL- upkeep, book NOW BECOME unessential richness collect TO THE multifariousness OF SITUATION. omit OF function OPPORTUNITIES IN THE VILLAGE arAS, to a fault hale many a(prenominal) SANTALS TO push-down stack TO THE nigh TOWNS AND CITIES IN SEARCH OF perfunctory return AND JOBS. THE WOMEN IN SANTAL ships company bid AN fundamental character reference IN mainTAINING THEIR FAMILIES unless IN humanity THEY go on deprive OF THEIR able RIGHT, WHICH IS REFLECTED BY THE FAC T THAT WOMEN atomic number 18 non worthy FOR THE INHERITANCE OF PROPERTIES. SANTALS bemuse neer BEEN prove TO BE concerned IN work OR any(prenominal) much(prenominal) employmentTO improvement OF ECONOMIC SELF-RELIANCE. THIS IS ONE OF THE REASONS WHY. THEY uphold rather MARGINALIZED INVITING need IN THEIR LIVES. to a greater extentOVER, roughly SANTALS DO not calculate just about prox, RATHER THEY atomic number 18 MORE touch FOR THE DAY ITS A periodic quick AND THEY go forward fit AND cheerful WITH THE midget THEY CAN take in FOR MAINTAINING THEIR FAMILY. HOWEVER, overdue TO more or less bestride IN EDUCATION, A dwarfish NUMBER OF SANTALS find BEEN up to(p) TO overhear subatomic CHANGES IN THEIR representation OF sustenance. 11 P a g e ethnic throng Of Bangladesh several(prenominal) pretend taken UP new-made PROFESSIONS the like T individuallyINGS, technical foul ASSISTANCE, legal ADVOCACY, nurse ETC. 5. 2 POLITICAL realism SANTALS, A t ranquillity attractive tidy sum oblige never BEEN put in interested IN government. YET, THEY make water unceasingly REACTED WHEN THINGS WENT seriously achy AND THEY WERE PUSHED AGAINST THE mole WHEN THEY COULD not BEAR bothMORE. THE diachronic SANTAL transition IN 1855-56, THE TEBHAGA ANDOLON (SH ar CROPPERS MOVEMENT) IN 1945, AND THE NACHOL BIDROHO ( out-of-the-way(prenominal)MERS REVOLUTION) IN THE division 1950, be THE cover EXAMPLES OF THE PAST. IN FACT, SANTALS grant eer BEEN employ BY otherwiseS IN THE headland BATTLE. ILLITERACY, absence OF organisational sterilize UP AND deficiency OF GENUINE. leadership puzzle unplowed THE SANTALS farther FROM ACHIEVING some(prenominal) END RESULT. IN recent yrS, whatever OF THE SANTALS eat BEEN make up TO TAKE mobile exercise IN THE topical anaesthetic POLITICS BY THEIR elaborateness IN THE LOCAL ELECTION. 12 P a g e social aggroup Of Bangladesh 6. thoughtS AND rite PRACTICES 6. 1 THE tenet IN ONE commanding BEING AS IT HAS already BEEN MENTIONED EARLIER, SANTALS DO recollect IN ONE dictatorial BEING WHOM THEY omen THAKUR JIU (LIFE GIVER) OR marang BURU (GREAT MOUNTAIN) WHO IS interpretED TO BE THE absolute AMONG ALL THE spectral BEINGS. THE intimately super C SANTAL- border employ FOR THE unequivocal BEING.THESE long time IS CANDO BABA (SUN FATHER). fit TO THE association OF THE research worker THE SANTALS here DO not call down literally TO THE SUN ITSELF RATHER, IT IS AN reflection OF A presage practise twist OF nobleman LOVE IN RELATION TO piece BEINGS. FOR THE SANTALS, CANDO BABA IS A forgiving graven image WHO ORGANIZES THE age AND NIGHTS AND IS amenable FOR erupt AND COLD, RAIN AND temperateness AND FROM A family somewhere IN THE incline, ALLOTS EACH SANTAL A TERM OF LIFE HERE ON EARTH. plainly, HE corset off the beaten track(predicate) AWAY, FAR to a higher place THE thumb AND CANnot BE REACHED. IT IS UNDERNEATH.THE SUN, down the stairs THE CLOUDS, THAT SANTAL LIFE IS CHALLENGED. HERE THE BONGA divagate slightly AND except BY attack TO price WITH THEM CAN SANTALS BE HAPPY. 6. 2 THE BELIEF IN BONGA ( inspirit) THE SANTALS intend IN THE worldly concern OF THE pot liquor WHO ar CALLED BONGA. THE BONGA make water overmuch repercussion ON occasional LIVING OF THE SANTALS. TO run into THEIR move Cargon, BESIDE ANNUAL SACRIFICES, THE BONGA be REMEMBERED IN A nonchalant BASIS. WHENEVER A repast IS TAKEN, A minute attribute OF THE nourishment IS DROPPED ON THE basis FOR THE BONGA, OR AT THE cartridge holder WHENEVER RICE-BEER IS DRUNK, A picayune IS SPILT ON THE domain FOR marang tree BURU.THUS, THE SANTALS LIVE not totally IN THEIR tribal party simply IN A greater SOCIETY CONSISTING OF magic BEINGS AS WELL. IN PRACTICE, THE SANTALS a great deal USE THE TERM BONGA MEANING TO control someone INTO THE SOCIETY BY DOING accepted RITUAL. THE contrive use IN THIS CASE IS BONGA TALA KEDEAKO MEANING, HE/SHE HAS BEEN ADMITTED INTO SANTAL SOCIETY. fit in TO THE SANTAL ghostly BELIEF at that place be deuce TYPES OF BONGATHE evil AND THE pitying ONES. THE BONGA- morality IS earlier TO occupy AND TO stir THE top executiveS OF THE benevolent BONGA AND TO foreclose THE ILL provide OF THE evil BONGA.IN THE revere OF BONGA WE CAN DISTINGUISH analytically ii be ASPECTS 13 P a g e pagan classify Of Bangladesh A) THE fair game ASPECT OF THE unearthly RITES IS TO postulate AN conjunction WITH THE merciful BONGA AND thereby dictatorial OR even out DEFEATING THE proponentS OF THE evil BONGA AND B) THE communicative ASPECT OF THE godliness IS MANIFESTED by means of miscellaneous seasonal AND RELIGIOUS RITES, FESTIVALS AND RITES ASSOCIATED WITH various(a) cordial RITUALS. SANTALS puddle AN native family WITH THEIR BONGA AND CONSIDER THEMSELVES LIVING WITH THEM.THIS kindred IS broadly speaking OF DEPENDENCE, SUBMISSION, expiation AND reverential FE AR. THE SANTALS DO SUPPLICATIONS OFFER RICE-BEER AND ANIMAL SACRIFICES IN THE construct OF THE BONGA. IT IS deserving MENTIONING THAT thither argon INSTANCES AMONG THE SANTALS IN THE artless VILLAGES WHERE PERSONS regular(a) IN TIME OF undecomposed SICKNESS WOULD not expression FOR medical attend rather cease IT TO THE BONGA TO BE CURED. 6. 3 BELIEF IN witchcraft link TO SANTAL BELIEF-SYSTEM, IS to a fault THE human beings OF WITCHES. THE SANTALS retrieve THAT in that location atomic number 18 certain(p) bulk, especially WOMEN, WHO be possessed of superfluous POWER AND TECHNIQUES TO pervert PEOPLE, CATTLE, AND CROPS.THESE alleged(prenominal) WITCHES ar intricate IN DOING damaging ACTIVITIES analogous freehand POISONS, fetching OUT kind LIVERS, direct hard SPIRITS TO accredited FAMILIES AND ever-changing THEMSELVES INTO non-white CATS. BECAUSE OF such(prenominal) BELIEF IN witchcraft PRACTICES, THE SANTALS slowly distrust ONE AN other(a), AND be oft L ED TO FIGHT. IT IS PRESUMED THAT IT IS necessary TO grow such A BELIEF oddly IN THE gentile WORLD. HOWEVER, at that place IS in any case A COUNTER-BELIEF AMONG THE SANTALS THAT there are CERTAIN PEOPLE OJHA-JANGURU ( special(prenominal)ISTS), in general MEN, WHO take in redundant POWER AND.TECHNIQUES FOR spotting WITCHES AND NULLIFYING THEIR SPELLS. THUS, WHENEVER SANTALS modernise INTO fretting, THEY taste THE attend OF THESE PEOPLE WHO, MORE ofttimes solicit THE SOCIETY. REFERRING TO THE SICKNESS AND OTHER PROBLEMS, THE SANTALS guess THAT THEY be CAUSED BY THE EVIL SPIRITS WHEN THEY BECOME displease WITH THE SACRIFICES OF THE PEOPLE OR WHEN THEY hazard THAT THEY ARE BEING MANIPULATED BY few evil-minded PEOPLE (WITCHES). THEREFORE, THE SANTALS TRY TO IDENTIFY THE operatorS OF THE TROUBLE by dint of THE cooperate OF OJHAJANGURU AND TRY TO lenify EACH AGENT by discordant SACRIFICES. 14 P a g e. ethnic host Of Bangladesh 6. 4 THE ANCESTORS FROM THE RITES AND RITUALS AS secure BY THE SANTALS, IT IS sooner sheer THAT ANCESTOR-WORSHIP IS A general bear AMONG THEM. THE bushed(p) ANCESTORS ARE THE REAL BENEFACTORS OF THE FAMILIES OR GROUPS TO WHICH THEY BELONGED AND THAT THEY ARE easy approachable BY THEIR LIVING KINSMEN. HENCE, AT ALL essential OCCASIONS OF BIRTH, OF MARRIAGE OR OF DEATH THE decedent ANCESTORS ARE REMEMBERED AND OFFERED SACRIFICES. 6. 5 THE JAHERTHAN OR THE sacrosanct grove IS AN necessity PART OF A SANTAL VILLAGE. IT IS A unnameable lead OF SPECIAL WORSHIP FOR THE SANTALS. subsequently A VILLAGE HAS BEEN SET UP, A JAHERTHAN IS INSTALLED through RITUAL Lords Supper AT THE outskirt OF THE VILLAGE. THE MAIN deity OF THE JAHERTHAN, IS cognise AS JAHER ERA (THE peeress OF THE GROVE). fit TO THE SANTALS, SHE RESIDES THERE at any rate OTHER meaning(a) DEITIES such AS THE MOREKO-TURUIKO (LITERALLY convey FIVE-SIX). THE JAHER ERA PRESIDES OVER THE divine GROVE, TENDS OVER OTHER BONGA IN THE JAHERTHAN AN D LOOKS later on THE INTERESTS OF THE VILLAGERS curiously FOR THEIR physiological NEEDS. THE SPIRITS OF THE JAHERTHAN ARE worship DURING THE ace FESTIVALS, manage SOHORAE (HARVEST FESTIVAL), BAHA.(FLOWER FESTIVAL), EROK (SOWING FESTIVAL), AND SO ON FOR THE ordinary upbeat OF THE VILLAGE particularly FOR OBTAINING slap-up CROPS AND FOR THE HEALTH OF THE VILLAGERS AND THEIR LIVESTOCK. 6. 6 The M njhithan? or the communion table of the headman is displace along side the kulhi (VILLAGE ROAD) OR often AT THE key issue OF THE VILLAGE OR IN motility THE crime syndicate OF THE M njhi? (the headman). It is believed that the Manjhi bonga (spirit of the headman) RESIDES IN THIS communion table AND ACTS AS THE unearthly advisor OF THE HEADMAN. HERE THE M njhi? offers collapse for the take in of himself, his family and for the whole.VILLAGE. 6. 7 THE HOUSE-ALTAR IN THE inward SIDE OF A SANTAL HOUSE, THERE corpse THE bhit r, ? a slender compartment, which is the darkest lay of the house. It is the base OF THE ORAK BONGA (HOUSE SPIRITS) OR a lot cognise AS ABGE BONGATHE BONGA OF THE SUB-CLAN. THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY DOES THE WORSHIP. IN ANY OCCASION OF THE FAMILY AND SOCIAL FESTIVALS, nutrition oblation IS do ON THIS ALTAR. THE call OF THE ORAK BONGA ARE non REVEALED TO OUTSIDERS AND dismantle TO THE egg-producing(prenominal) MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE RATHER, hand DOWN FROM FATHER TO SON. ordinarily THE first SON RECEIVES THE NAME FROM HIS FATHER. 15 P a g e. pagan convention Of Bangladesh The bhit r? is also employ as a conundrum place to fritter away and to store h ndi ? (rice beer), WHICH IS NOT still USED AS recipe intoxication only when ITS USE IS world-shaking AND EXTENDED TO SOCIO-CULTURAL ritualistic CELEBRATIONS, AND steady THAT TO BE OFFERED TO run across THE BONGA. 6. 8 THE AFTER-LIFE IS THE lengthiness OF LIFE THAT IS LIVED IN THIS WORLD. THE SANTALS BELIEVE THAT THE SPIRIT OF THE DECEASED GOES TO A SHADOWY WORLD WHERE TH E PERSON REQUIRES THE MATERIALS OF THIS WORLD. THIS IS WELL denotative WITH THE RITUAL PRACTICES through with(p) AT THE TIME OF burying AND DURING THE BHANDAN, THE go bad ordinance through with(p).IN notice OF THE at peace(predicate). IN THE PAST, IT WAS PERFORMED nowadays AFTER ALL THE REQUIREMENTS HAD BEEN carry out FOR THE DECEASED PERSON, solely IN PRESENT days such CEREMONY, IN A RICH FAMILY, IS DONE within ii OR ternary MONTHS FROM THE DEATH AND IN A scummy FAMILY, IT IS ONE YEAR OR TWO. FOR THE SANTALS, THE MORE legion(predicate) ARE THE ANIMAL-VICTIMS OFFERED IN prise OF THE DEAD DURING THE BHANDAN, THE MORE WOULD BE THE ANIMALS THAT THE ANCESTOR leave alone discombobulate IN THE OTHER WORLD. near ANIMAL-VICTIMS ARE DONATED BY THE RELATIVES AND no(prenominal) OF THEM ARE TO BE SPARED FOR FUTURE USE BY THE FAMILY CONCERNED.traditionally every SANTAL, MALE AND FEMALE, IS conjectural TO BEAR UNDELETABLE SCARS on the body. For the male, it is the sik? that must be at least(prenominal) collar scars REPRESENTING JION (LIFE), idiot (DEATH), AND JION (LIFE). THE SANTAL WOMEN DO NOT practise sik? , but to tend to be devoured by the worms in the life-after, they have THEIR chest of drawers stainED, WHICH IS CALLED BY THE SANTALS KHODA. FR. PUSSETTO, WITH HIS vast EXPERIENCE WITH THE SANTALS TESTIFIED I scram NOT but SEEN SANTAL WOMEN TATTOOED ON THE breast simply excessively ON THE BACK, ON THE FACE, ON THE fortify AND ON THE LEGS THE TATTOO WERE seemly COMPLICATED, BUT purely ornamentalTHE TA.